The hair shirt, also known as a cilice, is a garment made from coarse animal hair worn close to the skin as a form of penance and self-mortification. With its origins in ancient ascetic practices, the cilice became a significant symbol of penitence, humility, and spiritual discipline. Worn by monks, nuns, saints, and occasionally laypeople, it served as a physical manifestation of their inner spiritual journeys.

Origins and Early History

The concept of using uncomfortable clothing as a form of penance predates Christianity, with roots in various ancient religions and cultures where self-denial and physical discomfort were seen as means to spiritual purification. However, the specific practice of wearing a hair shirt became more formalized within the Christian tradition.

Christian Asceticism: The hair shirt became particularly prominent among early Christian ascetics, who sought to emulate the suffering of Jesus Christ and cleanse themselves of sin through physical discomfort. The use of hair shirts is documented as early as the 4th century, with Church Fathers such as Saint Jerome and Saint Augustine mentioning the practice in their writings.

Who Wore Hair Shirts?

Monks and Nuns: Hair shirts were commonly worn by monks and nuns, especially those belonging to ascetic orders such as the Cistercians and Carthusians. These religious communities valued simplicity, self-denial, and continuous penance, viewing the hair shirt as a tool to aid in their spiritual discipline.

Saints and Mystics: Many saints and mystics are known to have worn hair shirts. For example, Saint Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury, wore a hair shirt beneath his ecclesiastical robes. Saint Francis of Assisi, known for his extreme asceticism and humility, also used the hair shirt as part of his spiritual practice.

Laypeople: While less common, some devout laypeople adopted the hair shirt, particularly during times of personal penance or during significant periods such as Lent. This was more prevalent during the medieval period, where religious expressions were deeply woven into daily life.

Why Were Hair Shirts Worn?

Penitence: The primary reason for wearing a hair shirt was penitence. The constant irritation and discomfort served as a physical reminder of one’s sins and a form of atonement. By embracing physical suffering, wearers aimed to purify their souls and draw closer to God.

Humility: The hair shirt was a symbol of humility. By enduring discomfort and foregoing the pleasures of soft, comfortable clothing, individuals demonstrated their rejection of worldly vanity and pride. It was a way to humble oneself before God and others.

Spiritual Discipline: For many, the hair shirt was a tool for cultivating spiritual discipline and self-control. The daily discomfort required mental fortitude and reminded the wearer of their spiritual goals. It was an exercise in self-mastery, intended to strengthen one’s will against temptations.

Solidarity with the Suffering of Christ: Wearing a hair shirt allowed individuals to feel a tangible connection to the suffering of Jesus Christ. It was seen as a way to share in His Passion and to express a deep, personal devotion to His sacrifice.